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Clairvoyant Psychics: Readings, Mediums And Tests
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Published: February 22, 2007
The clairvoyant psychic is perhaps the most popular type of psychic. Clairvoyance is a type of ESP or extrasensory perception that, depending on the type of clairvoyant psychic ability, allows the clairvoyant medium access to information "[derived] directly from an external physical source (such as a concealed photograph), and not from the mind of another person.”
The Parapsychological Association points out that it is not be confused with the "vulgar interpretation of 'clairvoyance' as meaning 'knowledge of the future'" which is precognition.
Clairvoyant psychic abilities fall into different categories. Each of the five senses is represented in clairvoyance. The most familiar type of extrasensory perception is the ability to see an object by psychic means and is known as clairvoyance. The ability to hear sounds by psychic means is known as clairaudience. Clairsentience is the ability of a clairvoyant psychic to gain psychic knowledge by feel. Clairalience is the power of a psychic to use the sense of smell to gain psychic knowledge. A psychic that can use psychic means to taste a substance has the ability of clairgustance.
There are different ways to test clairvoyant psychics for extrasensory perception. The difference between clairvoyant tests is predominantly a matter of the credibility of the test and the tester. The most popular clairvoyant psychic tests available on the web are known, usually, as ESP self tests. Generally the tests present a number of symbols, colors, or words and the psychic or alleged psychic will attempt to either predict,"see," or influence what image will be randomly selected.
ESP self tests are reminiscent of the Zener Card Experiments conducted to test clairvoyant psychics in the 1930s. More reliable exams such as those administered by reputable parapsychologists usually attempt to test different aspects of ESP. Popular tests include Ganzfeld experiments, random number generator experiments, and dice tossing experiments .
Skeptics challenge even the most professionally administered clairvoyant psychic test. The criticism is directed towards flaws in the experiments to test clairvoyant psychics. For example, procedural flaws such as inadequate isolation of the test subject may offer the opportunity for the test subject to glean clues from hearing sounds and conversations in other rooms. Other faults are usually exposed including errors in the procedural aspect of testing, an inherent bias of testers, and the ability for test subjects to play the odds.
In instances where there are statistical variations, the nature of the statistics is challenged. Like any evidence, statistical proof is subject to interpretation. Where parapsychologists may interpret the numbers as significant, other scientists may dismiss them as nothing more than statistical anomalies. In cases where the numbers add up and the experiments are considered not inheritantly flawed, fraud is usually suspected of the clairvoyant psychic.
Although the five types of extrasensory perception are unique, they do share one quality. All five extrasensory senses have little in the way of concrete evidence or scientific proof to suggest their existence . Clairvoyant psychic readings have been frequently dismissed by skeptics as fraud. Instead, the alleged clairvoyant psychic is generally dismissed as nothing more than a cold reader.
Cold reading, although a phenomenal talent in and of itself, is anything but paranormal. In fact it is an adept skill of making "broadly accurate generalizations” from characteristics such as dress, demeanor or disposition, and other indicators like "facial gestures" and other "clues in conversation" to obtain information not from a paranormal source, but the person participating in the clairvoyant psychic reading. Popular, self-proclaimed clairvoyant mediums and clairvoyant psychics such as John Edwards, Silvia Browne, and James Van Praagh have been accused of possessing exceptional cold reading skills rather than any type of extrasensory perception.
Sources:
"Parapsychology.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology> ;.
"Clairaudience.” Wikipedia. 12 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairaudience> .
"Clairsentience.” Wikipedia. 11 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairsentience> ;.
"Clairalience.” Wikipedia. 12 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairalience>.
"Clairgustance.” Wikipedia. 10 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairgustance> .
"Clairvoyance.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance>.
"Glossary/ Clairvoyance.” Parapsychological Association. 1997-2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_a_d.html#c&g t;.
"Glossary/Cold Reading.” Parapsychological Association. 1997-2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_a_d.html#c&g t;.
"Extra-Sensory Perception.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-sensory_per ception>.
"ESP Test, Telepathy and Mind Control.”. 2007. New Age Directory. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.newagedirectory.com/esp/esp.htm> .
Related Articles
Clairvoyant psychic abilities fall into different categories. Each of the five senses is represented in clairvoyance. The most familiar type of extrasensory perception is the ability to see an object by psychic means and is known as clairvoyance. The ability to hear sounds by psychic means is known as clairaudience. Clairsentience is the ability of a clairvoyant psychic to gain psychic knowledge by feel. Clairalience is the power of a psychic to use the sense of smell to gain psychic knowledge. A psychic that can use psychic means to taste a substance has the ability of clairgustance.
There are different ways to test clairvoyant psychics for extrasensory perception. The difference between clairvoyant tests is predominantly a matter of the credibility of the test and the tester. The most popular clairvoyant psychic tests available on the web are known, usually, as ESP self tests. Generally the tests present a number of symbols, colors, or words and the psychic or alleged psychic will attempt to either predict,"see," or influence what image will be randomly selected.
ESP self tests are reminiscent of the Zener Card Experiments conducted to test clairvoyant psychics in the 1930s. More reliable exams such as those administered by reputable parapsychologists usually attempt to test different aspects of ESP. Popular tests include Ganzfeld experiments, random number generator experiments, and dice tossing experiments .
Skeptics challenge even the most professionally administered clairvoyant psychic test. The criticism is directed towards flaws in the experiments to test clairvoyant psychics. For example, procedural flaws such as inadequate isolation of the test subject may offer the opportunity for the test subject to glean clues from hearing sounds and conversations in other rooms. Other faults are usually exposed including errors in the procedural aspect of testing, an inherent bias of testers, and the ability for test subjects to play the odds.
In instances where there are statistical variations, the nature of the statistics is challenged. Like any evidence, statistical proof is subject to interpretation. Where parapsychologists may interpret the numbers as significant, other scientists may dismiss them as nothing more than statistical anomalies. In cases where the numbers add up and the experiments are considered not inheritantly flawed, fraud is usually suspected of the clairvoyant psychic.
Although the five types of extrasensory perception are unique, they do share one quality. All five extrasensory senses have little in the way of concrete evidence or scientific proof to suggest their existence . Clairvoyant psychic readings have been frequently dismissed by skeptics as fraud. Instead, the alleged clairvoyant psychic is generally dismissed as nothing more than a cold reader.
Cold reading, although a phenomenal talent in and of itself, is anything but paranormal. In fact it is an adept skill of making "broadly accurate generalizations” from characteristics such as dress, demeanor or disposition, and other indicators like "facial gestures" and other "clues in conversation" to obtain information not from a paranormal source, but the person participating in the clairvoyant psychic reading. Popular, self-proclaimed clairvoyant mediums and clairvoyant psychics such as John Edwards, Silvia Browne, and James Van Praagh have been accused of possessing exceptional cold reading skills rather than any type of extrasensory perception.
Sources:
"Parapsychology.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology> ;.
"Clairaudience.” Wikipedia. 12 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairaudience> .
"Clairsentience.” Wikipedia. 11 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairsentience> ;.
"Clairalience.” Wikipedia. 12 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairalience>.
"Clairgustance.” Wikipedia. 10 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairgustance> .
"Clairvoyance.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance>.
"Glossary/ Clairvoyance.” Parapsychological Association. 1997-2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_a_d.html#c&g t;.
"Glossary/Cold Reading.” Parapsychological Association. 1997-2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_a_d.html#c&g t;.
"Extra-Sensory Perception.” Wikipedia. 20 Feb. 2007. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-sensory_per ception>.
"ESP Test, Telepathy and Mind Control.”. 2007. New Age Directory. 21 Feb. 2007 <http://www.newagedirectory.com/esp/esp.htm> .
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